Emotional intelligence (EI) and psychological well-being are critical for nursing students, especially in the digital learning era, where academic and social challenges may impact mental health and performance. Understanding the relationship between EI and well-being can help in designing interventions to support students’ overall development.
The study aims to (1) assess the level of emotional intelligence and psychological well-being among nursing students, (2) determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being, and (3) explore the association of these variables with selected demographic characteristics.
A descriptive correlational study was conducted among nursing students in selected nursing colleges. Standardized tools were used to measure emotional intelligence and psychological well-being. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to determine levels, relationships, and associations.
The findings revealed varying levels of emotional intelligence and psychological well-being among participants. A significant positive relationship was observed between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being. Certain demographic factors, such as age, year of study, and exposure to digital learning platforms, were found to be associated with the measured variables.
Enhancing emotional intelligence may contribute to better psychological well-being among nursing students. Incorporating EI development programs and providing targeted support based on demographic needs can improve students’ overall academic and personal outcomes in the digital learning era.

Emotional intelligence (EI) and psychological well-being are critical for nursing students, especially in the digital learning era, where academic and social challenges may impact mental health and performance. Understanding the relationship between EI and well-being can help in designing interventions to support students’ overall development.
The study aims to (1) assess the level of emotional intelligence and psychological well-being among nursing students, (2) determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being, and (3) explore the association of these variables with selected demographic characteristics.
A descriptive correlational study was conducted among nursing students in selected nursing colleges. Standardized tools were used to measure emotional intelligence and psychological well-being. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to determine levels, relationships, and associations.
The findings revealed varying levels of emotional intelligence and psychological well-being among participants. A significant positive relationship was observed between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being. Certain demographic factors, such as age, year of study, and exposure to digital learning platforms, were found to be associated with the measured variables.
Enhancing emotional intelligence may contribute to better psychological well-being among nursing students. Incorporating EI development programs and providing targeted support based on demographic needs can improve students’ overall academic and personal outcomes in the digital learning era.

Cancer remains a major global health challenge because of its biological complexity, molecular heterogeneity, metastatic potential, and ability to develop resistance to treatment. Although conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy have improved clinical outcomes, therapeutic responses remain variable among patients. Recent advances in cancer biology have identified new opportunities for treatment through tumor-specific metabolic vulnerabilities, immune modulation, ferroptosis, micro environmental remodeling, and precision medicine. This review explores emerging concepts in cancer treatment and proposes a hypothesis-based framework for future therapeutic research. The central hypothesis is that cancer treatment efficacy may be improved by integrating tumor-specific metabolic targeting, immune reactivation, and tumor microenvironment remodeling through biomarker-guided therapeutic combinations. Recent literature published between 2021 and 2026 was examined using a narrative review approach. The findings suggest that cancer metabolism, immune-cell dysfunction, cellular heterogeneity, and acquired resistance are interconnected processes that may influence therapeutic outcomes. Emerging technologies, including single-cell multi-omics, spatial transcriptomics, liquid biopsy, and artificial intelligence, provide new opportunities to identify patient-specific therapeutic vulnerabilities. However, many proposed approaches remain experimental and require further validation in clinical studies. This review highlights the importance of hypothesis-driven research and interdisciplinary collaboration in developing safer, more effective, and personalized cancer treatments.

Malaria is a potentially fatal parasitic illness caused by Plasmodium spp., transmitted by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Antimalarial medications are used to treat acute infections, chemoprophylaxis in targeted populations, eradicate latent hepatic parasites and limit transmission. Key classifications include quinolines, artemisinins, antifolates, hydroxynaphthoquinones and antimicrobials. These work by disrupting haem detoxification, causing reactive intermediate damage, inhibiting mitochondrial electron transport, interfering with folate metabolism and disrupting protein synthesis in the apicoplast. A variety of factors influence treatment options including parasite species, severity of illness, local resistance and patient specific factors. Combining antimalarials (ACT) is central to treatment of uncomplicated P falciparum. Severe malaria needs urgent parenteral treatment, usually with artesunate. Primaquine or tafenoquine can be used in suitable patients to prevent relapse. This review provides an overview of key antimalarials including their classifications, mechanisms, uses, side effects, resistance and new areas of research.

Background
When medicines move from one country to another, the requirements of the country of manufacture must be considered alongside those of the destination country. Indian-manufactured medicines supplied to Zanzibar must comply with applicable manufacturing requirements, the requirements of the Zanzibar Food and Drugs Agency (ZFDA), and relevant East African Community (EAC) regulatory cooperation arrangements.
Objective
This review examines the requirements governing the registration, importation, quality assurance and monitoring of Indian-manufactured human medicines supplied to Zanzibar. It focuses on the relationship between Indian Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and ZFDA requirements.
Methods
Publicly available documents from the ZFDA, the Government of India, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), the EAC and the World Health Organization (WHO) were reviewed and compared. Relevant studies on medicine registration, marketing authorization, importation requirements, GMP, quality assurance, medicine safety and post-market surveillance were also examined.
Results
The documents describe requirements for marketing authorization, medicine registration, manufacturing-site inspections, importation, storage, pharmacovigilance, post-market surveillance and product recalls. The EAC Medicines Regulatory Harmonization (EAC-MRH) initiative supports collaboration, shared assessments and regulatory capacity development. The review highlights the importance of distinguishing manufacturing requirements from Zanzibar’s market-entry requirements and identifying the requirements applicable to each medicine.
Ensuring the quality of Indian-manufactured medicines supplied to Zanzibar requires consideration of the applicable requirements in both India and Zanzibar throughout the product lifecycle. Understanding how these regulatory frameworks interact, together with the support provided by the EAC, can help protect medicine quality and patient safety. Further analysis of current regulatory instruments is needed to clarify country-specific expectations and identify any gaps in the available evidence.

Quality control (QC) laboratories generate the analytical evidence on which batch release, shelf-life assignment and regulatory submissions depend. Over the past decade, inspections by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), European authorities and the World Health Organization (WHO) have repeatedly reported laboratory data integrity failures, including unreported trial injections, unjustified manual re-integration, shared log-ins and deleted raw data. This narrative review examines how the ALCOA+ principles, quality risk management (QRM) and computerized system controls can be combined into a workable data integrity program for pharmaceutical QC laboratories. Guidance from the FDA, European Commission and European Medicines Agency, MHRA, WHO, the Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S) and India's Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation was examined together with ICH Q9(R1), ISPE GAMP 5 (second edition) and peer-reviewed literature published between 1997 and 2025. The documents agree that records must be attributable, legible, contemporaneous, original, accurate, complete, consistent, enduring and available across their lifecycle, and that metadata and audit trails form part of the record. Recurring failure modes fall into technical, procedural and behavioral categories. Failure mode and effects analysis provides a structured way to rank these risks, provided its scoring subjectivity is managed as ICH Q9(R1) now requires. Compliance with 21 CFR Part 11 and EU GMP Annex 11, increasingly approached through risk-based computer software assurance, addresses the technical layer, while lasting data integrity also depends on management behavior and an open quality culture. Emerging issues, including cloud hosting, artificial intelligence and the 2025 draft revision of Annex 11, are discussed with their implications for QC practice.

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) allows dose, geometry and internal architecture to be set digitally, which makes it attractive for small-batch, paediatric and patient-specific medicines. The same flexibility complicates quality assurance: configurations differ, batches may be tiny, and the conventional tests that confirm potency, uniformity and release usually destroy the unit examined. This review examines how printed dosage forms can be verified without consuming them. We set out the quality risks of the main printing platforms and link them to critical quality attributes, material attributes and process parameters. Near-infrared and Raman spectroscopy, chemical imaging, X-ray micro-computed tomography, terahertz imaging, optical coherence tomography, profilometry, machine vision and acoustic methods are compared according to what each actually measures, how directly it measures it and what evidence currently supports its use in printed products. The literature shows that spectroscopic dose verification and structural imaging of printlets are technically feasible. Most demonstrations, however, rely on a single formulation, a single printer and modest sample numbers, and model transfer, long-term robustness and false-acceptance rates are rarely reported. No single technique covers chemical, structural and performance attributes together. We therefore propose a staged, risk-based verification framework that combines controlled digital design files, feedstock and printer monitoring, rapid non-destructive screening, conventional reference testing and lifecycle management of analytical models, aligned with ICH Q8–Q14. Real-time release of printed medicines is a realistic long-term goal, but it will depend on validated links between measured signals and patient-relevant quality attributes rather than on instrumentation alone.

Pharmaceutical quality control (QC) relies on analytical procedures that must be accurate, precise, selective, robust and fit for their intended purpose. Conventional methods can, however, consume large quantities of hazardous organic solvents, generate chemical waste, demand energy-intensive instrumentation and expose analysts to occupational hazards. Green analytical chemistry (GAC) seeks to reduce these impacts without weakening the analytical evidence needed for decisions on identity, strength, purity and stability.
This critical review examines the principal greenness- and applicability-assessment tools and how they can be integrated with method development and validation in pharmaceutical QC. It covers the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), the Analytical Eco-Scale, the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and ComplexGAPI, Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), AGREEprep, the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) and the RGB/white analytical chemistry model. Their assessment boundaries, scoring logic, data requirements and limitations are compared, and representative published pharmaceutical QC methods are tabulated with the greenness tools their authors applied.
Particular attention is given to the distinction between environmental greenness, analytical performance and practical applicability: a method may be environmentally preferable yet unable to meet a required impurity limit, or analytically excellent yet resource-intensive. ICH Q2(R2) and ICH Q14 provide the framework for validation and science- and risk-based procedure development; neither prescribes a greenness metric or threshold. A QC-oriented reporting framework is proposed that pairs a transparent greenness assessment with validation evidence, applicability and an explicit statement of trade-offs.
No single metric captures environmental, occupational, analytical and operational dimensions together. For pharmaceutical QC, the most defensible practice is to use complementary tools, disclose assumptions, report measured resource and waste data where possible, and show that sustainability gains do not compromise fitness for purpose.

The growing interest in multifunctional cosmetics has encouraged the development of products that combine decorative colour with skin-conditioning ingredients. DERMA-PEARL is a proposed water-based hybrid cosmetic tint incorporating pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.) extract, black carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) extract, niacinamide, D-panthenol, sodium hyaluronate and a visible burst-bead system. Pomegranate peel contains hydrolysable tannins and other phenolic constituents, including punicalagin and ellagic-acid-related compounds, that have attracted attention for their antioxidant and skin-related potential. Black carrot is a source of anthocyanin pigments that may provide purple-to-red colour; however, pigment stability is affected by formulation pH, temperature, light and oxygen. Niacinamide, D-panthenol and sodium hyaluronate are established topical formulation ingredients with literature supporting skin-conditioning or hydration-related roles. The proposed bead system is intended to remain dispersed in the continuous tint phase and rupture during application. This narrative review examines the skin barrier, the rationale for hybrid makeup–skincare products, the scientific basis for the selected ingredients, burst-bead design considerations, formulation risks and essential quality and safety tests. A critical distinction is made between evidence relating to individual ingredients and evidence required for the finished product. At present, DERMA-PEARL should be regarded as a formulation concept rather than a validated cosmetic product. Experimental work is required to establish bead integrity and rupture, colour performance, physicochemical and microbiological stability, skin compatibility and any claimed skincare benefit.

Protein is required for tissue growth and repair, maintenance of skeletal muscle, synthesis of enzymes and hormones, transport of substances, and immune function. Inadequate protein intake can contribute to malnutrition; however, protein deficiency rarely occurs in isolation in populations affected by undernutrition. Insufficient energy intake, micronutrient deficiencies, recurrent infection, impaired absorption, chronic disease and household food insecurity frequently coexist. This narrative review examines the physiological role of dietary protein, the causes and manifestations of protein-energy malnutrition, current approaches to nutritional assessment, and evidence-informed strategies for prevention and management. Particular attention is given to childhood wasting and nutritional oedema, chronic growth restriction, and disease-related malnutrition in adults. Contemporary diagnostic frameworks emphasise the combined assessment of phenotypic features, such as weight loss and reduced muscle mass, and aetiological factors, including reduced intake, impaired assimilation and inflammation. Management must be tailored to age, clinical stability and underlying cause; severe acute malnutrition requires protocol-based medical and nutritional care rather than unsupervised protein supplementation. Sustainable prevention depends on access to diverse nutrient-dense foods, appropriate infant and young-child feeding, infection prevention, early screening and social measures that improve food security. A multisectoral approach is therefore essential to reduce the burden and long-term consequences of malnutrition.

Background: Social and material circumstances influence the feasibility of long-term treatment for hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Understanding these circumstances is particularly relevant when patients must manage both conditions.
Objective: To examine how social determinants relate to cardiometabolic outcomes and critically consider responses at clinical, community and policy levels.
Approach: This narrative review uses the World Health Organization conceptual framework and the five Healthy People 2030 domains. Targeted source verification and supplementary web searches identified illustrative observational studies, intervention trials and framework documents. Evidence was synthesized thematically; no systematic search, formal risk-of-bias assessment or meta-analysis was undertaken.
Synthesis: Economic insecurity, difficulties obtaining care, limited access to understandable health information and adverse neighborhood conditions can interfere with treatment. Observational associations should not be interpreted as proof that a particular social exposure causes a specific complication. Trials support selected community-based hypertension interventions, whereas food-support programs have produced differing effects on dietary and glycemic outcomes. Evidence from populations with either condition cannot automatically be generalized to patients with both.
Conclusion: Socially responsive care should connect assessment of patient priorities with affordable treatment, accessible communication and services that can address identified needs. Implementation should evaluate clinical outcomes alongside patient burden, referral completion and equity. Stronger evidence is needed on sustained benefits and on interventions designed specifically for coexisting hypertension and type 2 diabetes.

Background: Barleria strigosa Willd. is a relatively under-explored medicinal plant of the family Acanthaceae, distributed across tropical Asia and used in traditional practice for fever, inflammation, and detoxification. The genus Barleria is a recognised reservoir of iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids—chemical classes repeatedly linked to antiproliferative activity—yet the anticancer profile of B. strigosa specifically has only recently begun to be characterised.
Objective: To consolidate and critically appraise the available experimental evidence on the anticancer/antiproliferative activity of B. strigosa, to map the phytoconstituents plausibly responsible, and to identify the mechanistic and translational gaps that should direct future work.
Summary of evidence: Three independent in vitro investigations provide direct signals of activity. Leaf extracts show concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and anti-migration against oral squamous carcinoma (CLS-354/WT) cells with morphological hallmarks of apoptosis; butanolic and methanolic leaf extracts are cytotoxic to HeLa (cervical), MCF-7 (breast) and P-388 (murine leukaemia) lines; and a 2025 study demonstrated that ethanolic B. strigosa extract strongly reduced prostate cancer (PC-3) viability, induced DNA damage and G1 arrest, and activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells against PC-3 through cytokine gene upregulation. Activity is attributed chiefly to verbascoside, barlerin/acetylbarlerin, related iridoids, and flavonoids. Significantly, the same 2025 investigation highlighted a selectivity warning by identifying detectable toxicity of B. strigosa toward certain normal cells (hepatocytes and prostate epithelium).
Conclusion: Barleria strigosa is a promising but early-stage anticancer candidate. Current data are wholly in vitro, mechanistically incomplete, and complicated by normal-cell toxicity signals. Bioassay-guided isolation validated molecular-pathway studies, selectivity indexing, and in vivo confirmation are the essential next steps before any therapeutic claim can be entertained.

Vitiligo, affecting 0.5-2% of the global population, is a common yet complex autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) in the skin. This results in the development of white patches, often on the face, hands, and other areas exposed to sunlight. Despite significant advancements, the exact cause of vitiligo remains elusive. This abstract explores the current understanding of vitiligo, focusing on its pathogenesis, encompassing genetic predisposition, autoimmune attack on melanocytes, and the role of oxidative stress. Additionally, the abstract highlights the psychological impact of the disease and the ongoing pursuit of effective treatments.

Background: Social media is used for learning, communication and self-expression, but concerns about distraction, sleep and psychological well-being complicate its role in students’ lives. The meaning of use differs across platforms, activities and developmental stages.
Objective: To critically summarize educational opportunities and risks associated with social media among adolescent and young adult students, and to identify implications for education and student support.
Approach: This narrative review combines selected references from an initial draft with targeted source verification and supplementary searches of research and official guidance. Observational studies, educational interventions, reviews and a short-term randomized trial were synthesized thematically. No exhaustive systematic search or meta-analysis was undertaken.
Synthesis: Structured educational use can support engagement, whereas unrelated use during study may compete with academic tasks. Associations with mental health depend on how use and outcomes are measured; general use and problematic use are not equivalent. Sleep disruption, online harassment, appearance-focused comparison and pressure for approval are relevant concerns. Benefits include perceived social connection and opportunities for creativity. Population averages do not predict each student’s experience, and much of the evidence cannot establish causality.
Conclusion: Student support should focus on the purpose, content, timing and consequences of use alongside duration. Educational institutions can promote information literacy, protect study and sleep routines, and provide clear responses to online harm. More diverse longitudinal and intervention research is needed to establish which approaches offer sustained benefit.

Teenage pregnancy and adolescent HIV infection remain among the most significant public health and developmental challenges affecting young people in South Africa. Although considerable progress has been made in HIV prevention, treatment, and reproductive health services, adolescent girls and young women continue to experience disproportionately high rates of HIV infection and early pregnancy. These two phenomena are closely interconnected and are often driven by similar structural, socioeconomic, cultural, and behavioural factors. Existing research has largely examined adolescent HIV and teenage pregnancy as separate issues, despite growing evidence that they constitute a mutually reinforcing public health burden with overlapping determinants and consequences. This conceptual paper examines the relationship between teenage pregnancy and adolescent HIV in South Africa through a synthesis of existing theoretical and empirical literature. The paper explores the structural drivers underlying both phenomena, including poverty, gender inequality, educational disadvantage, limited access to sexual and reproductive health services, gender-based violence, and social norms. It further discusses the health, educational, psychosocial, and economic consequences associated with the coexistence of adolescent HIV and teenage pregnancy. Drawing on the Social Ecological Model, Social Determinants of Health Framework, and Intersectionality Theory, the paper develops a conceptual framework illustrating how multiple levels of vulnerability interact to shape adolescent reproductive health outcomes. The analysis argues that effective interventions require integrated and multisectoral approaches that simultaneously address HIV prevention, reproductive health, education, gender empowerment, and socioeconomic development. The paper contributes to the growing discourse on adolescent health by providing a comprehensive conceptual understanding of the double burden of teenage pregnancy and adolescent HIV in South Africa and identifying directions for policy, practice, and future research.