Objectives: Chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus poses a significant global cardiorenal burden, necessitating reliable analytical tools for quality assurance of finerenone, a third-generation non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. The present study aimed to develop and validate a stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantitative determination of finerenone in pure and bulk drug form using an Analytical Quality by Design framework, ensuring regulatory compliance and clinical-grade analytical reliability. Methods: Physicochemical characterization encompassing UV absorption maxima, melting point, and solubility profiling was performed. A 3² full factorial design with ethanol proportion and flow rate as critical method parameters was employed for systematic chromatographic optimization. The Method Operable Design Region was established through response surface modeling. Method validation was conducted per ICH Q2(R2) guidelines evaluating specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness, solution stability, and filter compatibility. Results: The absorption maximum was identified at 239 nm. The desirability-based optimized batch (Run 5: 40% ethanol, 1.0 mL/min, desirability = 1) yielded retention time of 3.12 min and tailing factor of 1.18. Linearity was demonstrated over 10–120 µg/mL (r² = 0.9998). LOD and LOQ were 0.026 µg/mL and 0.078 µg/mL respectively. Mean accuracy was 99.99 ± 0.25% and precision %RSD remained below 0.30%. Formulation assay of Kerendia® tablets yielded 99.97 ± 0.21% label claim. Conclusion: The validated AQbD-guided, ethanol-based, MS-compatible method demonstrated superior sensitivity, robustness, and stability-indicating capability, offering significant practical implications for routine quality control.

Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn is a spice and medicinal plant that is native to areas around the eastern Mediterranean and central Asia .In centuries past it was grown in India and South Africa. Its leaves, pods, and seed have several medicinal benefits and it is commonly used in unani medicine for its anti- inflammatory and immunodulatory activity. The various pharmacological activities of fenugreek include anti- inflammatory activity. The various pharmacological activities of fenugreek include antimicrobial, analgesic, antioxidant, antiulcer and anti-diabetics properties while it is used in treating arthritis, diabetes, cough and metritis.to assess anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of dried leaves of Trigonella Foeum graecum linn.in male wister rats. All of the studies used adult male wister (250-500 mg/kg) body weight in normal rats. There are alkaloids flavonoids vitamin K and C, Clacium iron and nictnic acid in fenugreek leaves .The aims of the present studies was to explored the anti-inflammatory role of fenugreek .the extraction of dried fenugreek leaves with 70%ethanol by maceration method. In acute studies the methanolic extract exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by significantly reducing paw oedema volume in a dose dependent manner when compared with the control standard drug. Trigonella foenum graceum linn. Ethanolic extract marketdly and dose dependently reduced frequent number of writhing induced by acetic acid and singnificantly increased paw licking latency in hot plate method .statistical analysis was performed using one way ANOVA and subsequently Tukey’s test . Ethanolic extract of trigonella foeum graeum Linn .Possessanti inflammatory activity in dose dependent manner.

Preformulation studies play a critical role in identifying physicochemical properties that influence the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Traditional experimental screening methods for solubility, drug–excipient compatibility, and solvent selection are often labor-intensive and time-consuming. The Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) is a quantum chemistry-based statistical thermodynamic approach capable of predicting molecular interactions and thermodynamic properties without extensive experimental data. This review summarizes the theoretical principles of COSMO-RS and its computational implementation through COSMOtherm and related platforms. Applications in pharmaceutical preformulation are discussed, including solubility prediction, solvent screening, Hansen solubility parameter estimation, drug–excipient compatibility assessment, cocrystal screening, pKa prediction, activity coefficient modeling, and permeability estimation. A computational–experimental workflow for integrating COSMO-RS predictions into model-informed formulation development is proposed. The integration of molecular descriptors with thermodynamic modeling provides a promising digital strategy for accelerating pharmaceutical formulation design while reducing experimental workload.

Background: Barleria strigosa Willd. (Acanthaceae) — known as 'Vajradanti' or 'Nilajhinti' in Ayurvedic tradition — is a perennial shrub native to tropical India, Thailand, Myanmar, and Southeast Asia. Traditionally employed across Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Thai folk medicine systems for inflammatory conditions, dental disorders, fever, skin ailments, and cancer-supportive care, the species has been the subject of increasing pharmacological investigation over the past two decades.
Objective: This review consolidates published evidence on the taxonomic classification, geographic distribution, ethnobotanical applications, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of B. strigosa, and identifies critical gaps warranting future research.
Methods: This is a narrative review. A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar (1990–2025), complemented with classical Ayurvedic texts and ethnobotanical monographs. Primary studies specifically reporting data on B. strigosa were prioritised; genus-level reports without species-specific data were used only for contextual comparison.
Results: B. strigosa contains a pharmacologically rich phytochemical profile: iridoid glycosides (barlerin, 8-acetylbarlerin, strigoside), species-exclusive phenylethanoid glycosides (verbascoside, parvifloroside A and B), flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol), phenolic acids, terpenoids (ursolic acid, β-sitosterol), and essential-oil components. A UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis detected 82 compounds from leaf extracts. Documented pharmacological activities include antioxidant (DPPH IC₅₀: 45.2–92.7 µg/mL), anti-inflammatory (NO IC₅₀: 38.4 µg/mL; 35–40% carrageenan oedema inhibition), antimicrobial (S. aureus MIC: 125–250 µg/mL), antidiabetic (α-glucosidase IC₅₀: 81.56 µg/mL, superior to acarbose), antiproliferative/anticancer (IC₅₀

Hypertension remains the leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting more than 1.3 billion individuals. Despite the availability of multiple antihypertensive drug classes, nearly half of treated patients fail to achieve optimal blood pressure control, with resistant hypertension representing a major unmet clinical challenge. Excessive aldosterone production is increasingly recognized as an important driver of resistant hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, chronic kidney disease, and heart failure. Conventional mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists effectively block aldosterone signaling but are frequently limited by hyperkalemia, endocrine adverse effects, and poor tolerability. Baxdrostat, a highly selective aldosterone synthase inhibitor (ASI), represents the first-in-class therapeutic strategy that directly inhibits aldosterone biosynthesis while preserving cortisol synthesis through selective inhibition of CYP11B2.

Vibrio harveyi poses a significant threat to shrimp aquaculture. In this study, we isolated seventy-six bacteriophages infecting luminescent V. harveyi from 194 water samples sourced from shrimp hatcheries along the South East coast and Andaman island of India. Utilizing Degenerate Primed Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (DP-RAPD) fingerprinting, we investigated the genetic relatedness among these bacteriophages. The analysis, based on Dice coefficient and subsequent construction of a dendrogram using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA), unveiled 12 distinct clusters. Transmission electron microscopy observations were conducted on one randomly chosen phage from each major cluster, revealing that eleven exhibited an icosahedral head (46-115 nm) with a long non-contractile tail (132-329 nm), classifying them under the Siphoviridae family. Meanwhile, two phages displayed a short tail (15-27 nm), placing them in the Podoviridae family. Phylogenetic analysis of the phages using DP-RAPD fingerprinting demonstrated partial correlation with the host's phenotypic characteristics, particularly in sucrose fermentation and source of isolation. However, phages infecting V. harveyi, despite belonging to different families, did not cluster together in the DP-PCR cluster analysis. This study underscores the genetic diversity among phages infecting the same host, particularly in light of phenotypic variations, as revealed by DP-RAPD.